Evolution Korea's History History Of Evolution Korea
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Evolution Korea
The democratic system in South Korea is vulnerable to populist impulses. It's still more stable than we had hoped for.
The country is searching for an innovative development paradigm. The Confucian culture, which emphasizes respect for the ancestors as well as gendered family relationships, continues to influence the society. There are indications of a secularist cultural trend forming.
Origins
In the early days the ancestors of the today's Koreans were capable of survival through hunting and gathering wild food. In the tens of thousands of years after they began to cultivate crops including millet and beans. They also raised livestock and created furs. These people formed tribal states one after the other in Manchuria and on the Korean peninsula. They also established a metallurgy industry, producing iron tools, including bronze. They traded with other nations and introduced block and celadon printing to Japan and also styles of art and a written language and paper making.
In 2333 BCE Gojoseon came into existence on the southern part of the peninsula. The state embraced Chinese culture that included Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. During this period the people of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical society in which a monarch and top officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy whereas the rest of the population were peasants. The state took taxes from these citizens, and sometimes required them to join the army or build fortifications.
Onjo, a prince from Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong the founder of Goguryeo, founded the state of Baekje towards the end of the time. The new kingdom grew into the southwest part of the peninsula, and fought against the Goguryeo commanderies and China's in the region. Baekje accepted Confucian ideas into its state belief system in 1390 CE, and established the male-centric notion of filiopiety into a doctrine. In the name of filiopiety fathers were responsible for their families, and had to be obeyed and respected by all people, even their children and grandchildren.
Goryeo, a country which ruled from 918 until 1392 CE in the year 1392 CE, introduced to the world the Hangul Alphabet, based on the shapes created by the mouth while pronouncing. This greatly improved communication and led to a boom in the writing of Buddhist text. Woodblock printing and the movable metal type were also improved. In 1145 CE, the Samguk Sagi, or "History of the Three Kingdoms" was the first to be recorded.
Development in Korea
The Korean peninsula was inhabited from Neolithic times until. Early evidence of human settlements can be found in the form of graves that were lined with stones, and adorned with valuable items like amazonite jewelry that were buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, referred to as dolmens and constructed of large stones in a single piece, are widespread throughout the country.
In the first half of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognizable political state. The peninsula was then controlled by a variety of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE) which included Baekje and Goguryeo. In addition, the northern region of the peninsula was ruled by the Balhae kingdom, which most historians do not consider to be a legitimate Korean state.
Following the Three Kingdoms arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, also known as the Several States Period. In all of them, Baekje was the most powerful, but its dynasty ended with the fall of Goguryeo in 676 CE, leaving the southern provinces of Manchuria and the western region surrounding the Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy flourished for a short time.
The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to cooperate to expand their territories. In the end, Silla, with significant Chinese aid, conquered all other states and united the peninsula in 935 CE.
As Korea enters the post-crisis period, its development paradigm appears to be in flux. Those who are horrified by the cost of the old system support a comprehensive program of liberalization of capital, labor and markets for products. On the other hand supporters of the old system seek to preserve it by leveraging nationalist sentiments and generating fear of job loss.
The academic and policy analysts remain sharply divided on the extent to these two trends are driving Koreas development towards a new model of economic governance. This article analyzes the five phases of Korea's development in terms of its political development that include illiberal democracies (1945-60), democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877) democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and participatory democracy (2002). This article also identifies key elements that are shaping these processes.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have made progress in promoting their beliefs to this segment. A 2009 survey showed that nearly one-third of respondents did not believe in evolution. Of the respondents, 41% stated that there was insufficient scientific evidence to support evolution; 39% said the theory was in contradiction to their religious beliefs and 17% claimed it was difficult to understand. This level of doubt is comparable to that of the United States where a similar number do not believe that humans evolved from earlier forms of life.
In the past, the majority of the anti-evolutionist movement in Korea was focused on educating college students and bringing them to Christ. In 1980 the year 1980, a four-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the keynote speakers. This event attracted a large number of church leaders, and scientists.
The success of the event resulted in the formation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31st, 1980. The meeting was covered extensively in national newspapers including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times.
KACR began publishing a newsletter called CREATION. In it, the group published its own activities and published articles on scientific evidence supporting creationism. It also translated slides and film strips from ICR as well as some books on creationism which were published outside of Korea. KACR members also gave talks at universities and churches throughout the country.
One example of one KACR success story took place at the KAIST university in Seoul. Students at KAIST in Seoul were keen on the concept of creationism that they raised money and secured funding to build a small creationist museum on campus.
In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine, CREATION, which covers topics in creation science, and it has hosted a series of lectures by ICR staff. It also has local branches, website which hold seminars and give talks to schoolchildren and community groups.
Changes in South Korea
In the late 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, Korea moved toward a Westernised lifestyle. The traditional hanbok, or Korean dress, gave way to miniskirts and other fashion elements from abroad. The traditional Korean music was also replaced by rock and roll and jazz. In this period the famous samulnori or masked dance dramas, were loved by the public. These dramatic pieces were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drums as well as different musical instruments.
The economic crisis has shaped Korea's new paradigm of development. The biggest challenge facing the new regime is to find a balance between market-oriented and state-led policies. It also involves altering incentives, monitoring, or disciplining systems that have created the system prior to the crisis. These issues are addressed in Chapters 3 and 4.
The Baekje was founded by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established jointly by people living along the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other regions, as well as people from northern China. In the 4th century, in the early part of, Baekje was a major regional power and expanded its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. This meant that it was constantly in conflict with Goguryeo, and the Chinese commanders at the border.
The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries resulted in the rise of powerful local factions. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as its capital. He controlled a part of today's Jeolla province as well as Chungcheong. Then, he moved the capital to Wansanju. He became an adversary to Goguryeo.
The rule of his was, however, short-lived. After Gungye's defeat, he was overthrown by a powerful local leader, Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935. Later, Baekje was incorporated peacefully into Goryeo as a successor state. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened the centralized ruling system. This marked the end of the Three Kingdoms period. From that point on, the Korean peninsula was under the control of the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo Baekje Silla slowly grew into powerful states on the peninsula as well as in Manchuria.